Avant 2014

Articles

• De la hausse des prix au retour du « productionnisme » agricole : les enjeux du sommet sur la sécurité alimentaire de juin 2008 à Rome
  3 novembre 2021, par Mathilde COUDRAY

  En mai 2007, la rumeur de la création d’un nouveau gouvernement français sans ministère de l’Agriculture courait. Celui-ci serait éventuellement relégué au rang de secrétariat d’État. Le rapport annuel de la Banque mondiale sur le développement dans le monde sortait six mois plus tard, consacré à l’agriculture. Il dénonçait l’abandon dont ce secteur avait fait l’objet depuis plus de vingt ans. La part consacrée au secteur agricole dans l’aide publique au développement était ainsi passée de 11,5 à 3,9 milliards de dollars entre 1987 et 2005. En moins d’un an, les manifestations populaires et les émeutes que la flambée des prix a provoquées auront réussi à bouleverser l’agenda politique international et à replacer l’agriculture dans les débats internationaux. Revenir sur cet emballement médiatique et tenter de prendre du recul sur l’enchaînement des événements ne vise pas à dénoncer cette nouvelle priorité. Mais ce retour de balancier porte en lui de nouveaux risques qui pourraient bien conduire, si l’on n’y prend garde, à provoquer demain d’autres crises alimentaires.

• The rise of supermarkets in Africa, Asia, and Latin America
  26 octobre 2021, par Mathilde COUDRAY

  Supermarkets are traditionally viewed by development economists, policymakers, and practitioners as the rich world’s place to shop. The three regions discussed here have a great majority of the poor on the planet. But supermarkets are no longer just niche players for rich consumers in the capital cities of the countries in these regions. The rapid rise of supermarkets in these regions in the past five to ten years has transformed agrifood markets at different rates and depths across regions and countries. Many of those transformations present great challenges—even exclusion—for small farms, and small processing and distribution firms, but also potentially great opportunities. Development models, policies, and programs need to adapt to this radical change.

• The new nutrition science project
  27 octobre 2021, par Mathilde COUDRAY

  To show that nutrition science, with its application to food and nutrition policy, now needs a new conceptual framework. This will incorporate nutrition in its current definition as principally a biological science, now including nutritional aspects of genomics. It will also create new governing and guiding principles ; specify a new definition ; and add social and environmental dimensions and domains.

• Le métissage, dynamique des gastronomies
  26 octobre 2021, par Mathilde COUDRAY

  La gastronomie est une notion ambivalente, tantôt confisquée par un discours élitiste de l’« art de la bonne chère », tantôt assimilée par une culture du boire et du manger construite autour de ces pratiques. En 1826, Brillat-Savarin l’explicitait en « art de régler l’estomac ». Mêlant considérations médicales et recettes de cuisine, il transforme la gastronomie en Physiologie du goût ou Méditations de gastronomie transcendante. Dès lors perçue comme le fait de « gastronomes », elle est « la connaissance raisonnée de tout ce qui se rapporte à l’homme en tant qu’il se nourrit ». Cette conception creuse le fossé qui sépare des cuisines dites populaires de celles dites gastronomiques, que l’on retrouve à la table des grands. La gastronomie, dans cette prétention des plus élitistes, est dénoncée par Jean-Louis Flandrin comme une « pseudo-science du bien-manger » issue d’une rationalisation des pratiques et des consommations alimentaires, et remet en cause les principes d’une diététique née des Lumières. Aussi, elle ne peut être comprise sans être rattachée à la construction des identités nationales tout comme elle présente des caractéristiques qui n’ont cessé d’être interrogées et mises en cause par les historiens.

• Urban governance for food security : the alternative food system in Belo Horizonte
  23 novembre 2021, par Mathilde COUDRAY

  With a population of 2.5 million people, the city of Belo Horizonte, Brazil, is a world pioneer in tackling food consumption, distribution and production as components of an integrated urban policy for food security. The paper gives a description of the main programmes and features of this policy arguing that over 15 years the city and its Municipal Secretariat for Food Policy and Supply have built a particular alternative food system. Marked by the comprehensive scope of its programmes ; its urban/rural focus ; the flexibility of the initiatives and, above all, by its commitment to social justice and equitable access to food, Belo Horizonte has developed a distinct mode of governance for food security. The unique ‘alterity’ of this food system is set further apart from those being attempted in Europe and in North America because it is government-driven. The paper discusses its strengths and current challenges.

• Avoiding the local trap : scale and food systems in planning research
  3 novembre 2021, par Mathilde COUDRAY

  A strong current of food-systems research holds that local food systems are preferable to systems at larger scales. Many assume that eating local food is more ecologically sustainable and socially just. We term this the local trap and argue strongly against it. We draw on current scale theory in political and economic geography to argue that local food systems are no more likely to be sustainable or just than systems at other scales. The theory argues that scale is socially produced : scales (and their interrelations) are not independent entities with inherent qualities but strategies pursued by social actors with a particular agenda. It is the content of that agenda, not the scales themselves, that produces outcomes such as sustainability or justice. As planners move increasingly into food-systems research, we argue it is critical to avoid the local trap. The article’s theoretical approach to scale offers one way to do so.

• Power at the table : food fights and happy meals
  26 octobre 2021, par Mathilde COUDRAY

  In family meals the normative and the performative are very far apart—though everyone likes to think of the family table as a place of harmony and solidarity, it is often the scene for the exercise of power and authority, a place where conflict prevails. My interest in this topic was sparked by research on middle-class parents’ struggles with their “picky eater” children. Besides narrating the way the dinner table became battleground with their own children, many parents also recalled their own childhood family meals as painful and difficult. From this very narrow focus on family struggles, I expand the discussion to the larger question of why this topic is relatively ignored in social science, and I question the sources of the normative power of the family “happy meal.” The ideological emphasis on family dinners has displaced social responsibility from public institutions to private lives, and the construction of normative family performances is part of a process that constructs different family types as deviant and delinquent.

• Improving the effectiveness of nutritional information policies : assessment of unconscious pleasure mechanisms involved in food-choice decisions
  3 novembre 2021, par Mathilde COUDRAY

  The rise in obesity in many countries has led to the emergence of nutritional information policies that aim to change people’s diets. Changing an individual’s diet is an ambitious goal, since numerous factors influence a person’s food-choice decisions, many of which are made unconsciously. These frequently subconscious processes should not be underestimated in food-choice behavior, as they play a major role in food diet composition. In this review, research in cognitive experimental psychology and neuroscience provides the basis for a critical analysis of the role of pleasure in eating behaviors. An assessment of the main characteristics of nutritional policies is provided, followed by recent findings showing that food choices are guided primarily by automatic emotional processes. Neuroimaging and behavioral studies, which provide new insights into the relationships between emotions and food both in lean persons and in persons with eating disorders, are reported as well. Lastly, the argument is presented that future nutritional policies can be more effective if they associate healthy food with eating pleasure.

• Comment les villes se nourrissent-elles ?
  13 décembre 2012, par Clarisse

  Au milieu des années 2000, la population mondiale est devenue majoritairement urbaine. En 2050, plus des deux tiers des humains habiteront en ville.

• Le système alimentaire du grand Toronto : pionnier de la durabilité
  5 janvier 2018, par Roxane

  Un des défis majeurs à venir sera de parvenir à nourrir durablement les urbains, car dans le même temps, la communauté scientifique s’accorde pour pronostiquer un avenir fait de risques de pénuries de ressources naturelles non renouvelables, liés notamment à l’urbanisation galopante.